General introduction of chemistry
Importance and scope of chemistry
Basic concepts of chemistry (atoms, molecules, relative masses of atoms and molecules, atomic mass unit (amu), radicals, molecular formula, empirical formula)
Percentage composition from molecular formula
Dalton’s atomic theory and its postulates
Laws of stoichiometry
Avogadro’s law and some deductions
Molecular mass and vapour density
Molecular mass and volume of gas
Molecular mass and no. of particles
Mole and its relation with mass, volume and number of particles
Calculations based on mole concept
Limiting reactant and excess reactant
Theoretical yield, experimental yield and % yield
Calculation of empirical and molecular formula from % composition (Solving related numerical problems)
Rutherford's atomic model
Limitations of Rutherford's atomic model
Postulates of Bohr’s atomic model and its application
Spectrum of hydrogen atom
Defects of Bohr’s theory
Elementary idea of quantum mechanical model: de Broglie's wave equation
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
Concept of probability
Quantum Numbers
Orbitals and shape of s and p orbitals only
Aufbau Principle
Pauli’s exclusion principle
Hund’s rule and electronic configurations of atoms and ions (up to atomic no. 30)
Modern periodic law and modern periodic table
Classification of elements into different groups, periods and blocks
IUPAC classification of elements
Nuclear charge and effective nuclear charge
Periodic trend and periodicity
Atomic radii
Ionic radii
Ionization energy
Electron affinity
Electronegativity
Metallic characters (General trend and explanation only)
Valence shell, valence electron and octet theory
Ionic bond and its properties
Covalent bond and coordinate covalent bond
Properties of covalent compounds
Lewis dot structure of some common compounds of s and p block elements
Resonance
VSEPR theory and shapes of some simple molecules (BeF2, BF3, CH4, CH3Cl, PCl5, SF6, H2O, NH3, CO2, H2S, PH3)
Elementary idea of Valence Bond Theory
Hybridization involving s and p orbitals only
Bond characteristics: Bond length, Ionic character, Dipole moment
Vander Waal’s force and molecular solids
Hydrogen bonding and its application
Metallic bonding and properties of metallic solids
General and electronic concept of oxidation and reduction
Oxidation number and rules for assigning oxidation number
Balancing redox reactions by oxidation number and ion-electron (half reaction) method
Electrolysis: Qualitative aspect
Electrolysis: Quantitative aspect (Faradays laws of electrolysis)
Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gas and its postulates
Gaseous state: Gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles', Avogadro's, Combined gas equation, Dalton's law of partial pressure, Graham's law of diffusion)
Gaseous state: Ideal gas and ideal gas equation
Gaseous state: Universal gas constant and its significance
Gaseous state: Deviation of real gas from ideality (Solving related numerical problems based on gas laws)
Liquid state: Physical properties of liquids (Evaporation, condensation, Vapour pressure, boiling point, Surface tension, viscosity (qualitative idea only))
Liquid state: Liquid crystals and their applications
Solid state: Types of solids (Amorphous and crystalline solids)
Solid state: Efflorescent, Deliquescent and Hygroscopic solids
Solid state: Crystallization and crystal growth
Solid state: Water of crystallization
Solid state: Introduction to unit crystal lattice and unit cell
Physical and chemical equilibrium
Dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium
Law of mass action
Expression for equilibrium constant and its importance
Relationship between Kp and Kc
Le Chatelier’s Principle (Numericals not required)
Hydrogen: Chemistry of atomic and nascent hydrogen, Isotopes of hydrogen and their uses, Application of hydrogen as fuel, Heavy water and its applications (4 hours)
Allotropes of Oxygen: Definition of allotropy and examples, Types of oxides (acidic, basic, neutral, amphoteric, peroxide and mixed oxides), Applications of hydrogen peroxide, Medical and industrial application of oxygen (4 hours)
Ozone: Occurrence, Preparation of ozone from oxygen, Structure of ozone, Test for ozone, Ozone layer depletion (causes, effects and control measures), Uses of ozone (4 hours)
Nitrogen: Reason for inertness of nitrogen and active nitrogen, Chemical properties of ammonia, Applications of ammonia, Harmful effects of ammonia, Oxy-acids of nitrogen (name and formula), Chemical properties of nitric acid, Ring test for nitrate ion (5 hours)
Halogens: General characteristics, Comparative study on preparation, properties and uses of halogens (Cl2, Br2 and I2), Comparative study on preparation, properties and uses of haloacids (HCl, HBr and HI) (5 hours)
Carbon: Allotropes of carbon (crystalline and amorphous) including fullerenes (structure, general properties and uses only), Properties and uses of carbon monoxide (3 hours)
Phosphorus: Allotropes of phosphorus (name only), Preparation, properties and uses of phosphine (3 hours)
Sulphur (5 hours)